Journal: Brain stimulation

Article Title: Vagus nerve stimulation during extinction learning reduces conditioned place preference and context-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking.

doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.07.001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1. VNS facilitates extinction of conditioned place preference. A) Illustration of the CPP apparatus, with the left and right compartments distinguished by grid vs. smooth floor and horizontally vs. vertically striped walls. B) Time spent on the cocaine-paired side during the baseline period, the conditioned preference test, the extinction test, and drug-primed reinstatement. Sham-treated animals showed increased preference for the cocaine-paired side compared to animals given VNS during (VNS in session) or shortly after (VNS after session) extinction sessions. C) The graph illustrates how the time spent in the drug-paired side (CSþ) and the saline-paired side (CS-) change over the course of the experiment for the three treatment groups. After conditioning, ani- mals in all groups have increased preference for the cocaine-paired side compared to the saline side. Extinction reduces this conditioned preference, but during drug- primed reinstatement only sham-treated animals have a preference for the cocaine- paired side. P values are * <0.05.

Article Snippet: Drug self-administration and extinction training One week after surgery, rats were trained in a single overnight session to self-administer food pellets on a fixed ratio 1 (FR1) schedule in an operant conditioning chamber (Med Associates, Saint Albans, VT).

Techniques: Conditioned Place Preference, Saline